Company Credit Cards Explanation Accounting Policies

The company credit card section of an accounting policy is a section where you define who has company credit cards and responsibility for the charges incurred. Below is a sample of this section of the procedures, which can be tailored to your situation. Account Policy and Purpose Employees can be given access to a company credit card where the nature of their job requires such use. Company credit cards may only be used for business expenses and may not be used for expenses of a personal nature. Examples of  business expenses and deductions may include  home office costs, auto expenses, education and more. The general purpose of a statement of policy and procedure is to ensure that company credit cards are used for appropriate purposes and that adequate controls are established for day-to-day use. A company credit card policy applies to all employees who maintain a credit card for company use and their managers. Company Credit Card Responsibility Responsibility under a company credit card policy varies depending on persons role. For example, individuals have a different responsibility than operating managers and supervisors. Individuals holding company credit cards are responsible for:Using the cards only for their intended purposeRetaining receipts and providing explanations for all company credit card transactionsObtaining authorization for credit card invoicesOperating managers/supervisors  are responsible for:Limiting the use of company credit cards to those employees who require a card for company businessReviewing and authorizing credit card invoices used by their employees on a timely basis to avoid late payment chargesIdentifying and requesting any credit or transaction-level limits required for individual cardsAn accounting department  is responsible for:Ensuring that all credit card transactions are properly authorizedProcessing payments for credit card invoices on a timely basis to avoid late payment chargesArranging credit or transaction-level limits for individual cards Vocabulary Found in Credit Card Policies There may be some general terms included in a company credit card policy for you to be aware of. Here are four common terms and phrases: General credit card:  A credit card that can be used at multiple establishments, such as VISA, American Express, or MasterCard.Supplier specific credit card: A credit card that can be used only with a specific supplier, such as a gas company or an office supply company.Credit limit: The total amount that may be charged to the credit card before transactions are refused by the credit card company.Transaction-level limit: The total value of any individual transaction that may be charged to the card or the type of transaction that may be charged to the card. For example, some gas companies will allow for â€Å"gas only† cards, which deny credit for other miscellaneous purchases at the gas station. Credit Cards and Expense Reports Employees using credit cards for business expenses must follow the procedure provided by the company. Typically, the following rules are set in a company policy: Credit cards are to be used for company requirements only. Where the supplier has the capability, cards or transactions will be coded to individual employees for a greater facility at the time of invoicing.Employees must retain and initial receipts and note the purpose of the expense on the back of each receipt.Use of company credit cards for expenses of a personal nature of any kind may result in disciplinary action up to and including dismissal. It may result in the expenses being deducted from the employee’s next pay check. Credit Card Invoicing, Authorization and Payment Along with following company credit card procedure, employees must also follow a set of rules in regards to invoices, authorizations, and payments. While every company provides their own unique policy, the following is an example of what you can generally expect: The employee shall submit the corresponding receipts along with an expense report (often called a credit card expense report) to the appropriate authorizing supervisor or manager within a week of incurring the expense. Facsimile or scanned documents are acceptable if the employee is on travel and will not return to the office in order to meet the one-week deadline, provided that original receipts are presented upon return from travel.Charges for items where the receipt has been misplaced must be explained to the authorizing individual who must initial the specific charge and indicate â€Å"receipt missing† beside it.The authorizing supervisor or manager will confirm that the charges are justified and appropriate before authorizing the invoice for payment by noting â€Å"Okay to Pay† and signing the body of the invoice.The approved invoice shall be forwarded to the appropriate  accounting department for payment.The ​accounting department shall verify the authori zation and schedule the invoice for payment according to the terms of the credit card contract, and so as to avoid unnecessary late payment charges. Statement of Policy Agreement When accepting a company credit card, employees typically sign and date a statement of policy and procedure agreement after reviewing it. Typically, the agreement contains the information provided above and may request your card number and expiration date at the time of signature. The following is an example of what you will find at the end of the form: I have read and understood the [company name] Statement of Policy and Procedure for having a Corporate General Credit Card. By this form, I give permission for [company name] to withhold (deduct) from my pay check personal items, unauthorized expenses and unreported expenses incurred by me using my General Credit Card.

The Issue Of Gun Control Essay - 1189 Words

Proposition 63 â€Å"Firearms, Ammunition sales, Initiative Statute† proposes to help reduce gun violence. There are two clear sides to this proposition, those who support gun control laws and those against them. Gun control is an important debate not only in California but in all America. Although any opportunity to reduce gun violence is important, I think Proposition 63 is not an answer. What will Proposition 63 do? It will replace and update California’s gun and ammunition law. It creates requirements to buy ammunition and a license to sell ammunition from the Department of Justice. It will also prohibit purchasing ammunition from out-of-state without first passing through a dealer. Also, it will remove firearms from convicts. In Fiscal Impact, it will increase costs for state and local courts and law enforcement costs as well. (Prop 63) In the text of proposed law for Proposition 63 proposes it will close all loopholes and implement more extensive background checks. It also states we should worry more about gun violence in everyday life apart from the mass shootings and massacres. In the text of proposed laws informs us, â€Å"Gun violence destroys lives, families, and communities† (Prop 63 163) to put in perspective everyday tragedies. Which, leads us to the debate of the 2nd amendment. A person’s right to bear arms. Not only is our right bas ed after the United States Constitution (2nd amendment), one can see this as common sense. This country was established onShow MoreRelatedGun Issue And Gun Control1401 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, Gun Politics has been a course I have aspired to take. While many enroll in such a course looking for an escape from the â€Å"collegiate liberal echo chamber† or as an outlet for their conservative agendas, I saw the class as an â€Å"entrance to the dark side.† My views on guns prior to the class were, I would call, polarized yet uninformed. In most of my discussions, I would cite the Australian 1996 National Firearms Agreement as precedent for how American politicians should approach the gun issueRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagessomebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun.† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Gun control is a controversial issue worldwide. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1489 Words   |  6 Pagessplit on the issue of gun control. We have seen many violent shootings and innocent people dying because of gun violence. Some Americans believe we need strict gun laws to protect our children and ourselves from these horrific tragedies. Other Americans believes it is our rights as Americans to posses’ guns and we are entitled to that right in our constitution. There are also some Americans that are stuck in the middle and can see both sides but recent events have definitely caused this issue to be inRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1031 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrate them in a way that will trigger a new viewpoint on the su bject. Gun control is something that should be enforced across the world in order to save lives. In the United States there is a ratio of 88.8 guns per one hundred persons (GunPolicy.org). Those numbers award us with the highest total per capita number in the world. With that amount of firepower there needs to be an efficient way to regulate who exactly can purchase a gun. Since 1791 when the second amendment was ratified there have beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1705 Words   |  7 Pagesaway without preface or reason. All someone needs to do is pull the trigger. In today’s world, guns are far too accessible to the people of society. We hear in the news, stories of mass shootings, homicides, and suicides; most of which are caused by the activation of a gun. A hot-button issue, gun control is one of the most debated topics in American politics. Should we, or should we not, be able to own guns? Although it infringes on the Second Amendment that provides the right to bea r arms, this amendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall time in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How willRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control929 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Getting arrested yesterday was not the highlight of my week. I was hungry; so I went to Wal-Mart get some charcoal, lighter fluid, and steak. I put the charcoal in the grill and the lighter fluid on the coals. I got a little lighter fluid on my arm, but I didn’t pay it much attention. I lit the match and threw it on the coals. I looked down and my sleeve was on fire. I was waving my arm in the air, trying to put it out. Then here they come the police pulled in and tackled me to theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of gun is always controversial. Firearm can be used as defending or an assaulting weapon. In United States, firearm increase the rate of homicide, suicide and gun violence, which can harm and murder people. Moreover, taking away people’s gun will not work effectively because the murder and criminal will find another ways to get guns. Also, the black market will appear for the people who cannot get guns from regulated market s. In addition, if regulated guns are banned, murderers may useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1678 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2014 The 2nd Amendment Over the past few years, the issue of gun control has been widely discussed. You surely have heard the phrase, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† uttered and i wholeheartedly support this statement. It is important to treat guns responsibly so they do not end up in the wrong hands. I believe gun control violates our inalienable rights. Another piece of our liberty will surely be taken away if guns are banned, and socialism and totalitarianism will be rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1208 Words   |  5 PagesWill Christopherson Traverson English 2 1 March 2017 Gun Control The United States has 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, which is the highest total and per capita number across the globe. The current public gun control debate in the United States seems to be placed on standby until it is sparked up by a major mass shooting. There were at least 126 mass shootings between January 2000 and July 2014.(pro). Opponents of more gun laws accuse supporters of using a horrific event to further

Huckelberry Finn †Chapter 1 Commentary Free Essays

â€Å"There were things he stretched, but mainly he told the truth.† Straight away Twain shows us the irony and hypocrisy of American society through the eyes of the young and innocent Huck. For Twain’s story to come out as he has intended the voice of the narrator is a crucial part. We will write a custom essay sample on Huckelberry Finn – Chapter 1 Commentary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Twain has deliberately chosen a 13-year-old boy as the first person narrator to give the reader a greater sense of belief and trust which Huck quickly gains through his innocence. A young boy such as Huck would be less influenced by the world around him and, therefore, he will be telling the story straight from the heart and what he truly believes in. His vision isn’t clouded by the ‘sivilised’ society, which Twain perhaps purposely uses to symbolise the way in which American society attempts to place people into a certain stereotype. The language Twain has used is very simple which reflects Huck himself. The grammatically incorrect English. This seems to give Huck more appeal as it further demonstrates his innocence and honesty. Further more, Twain provides us with two contrasting characters in the widow Douglas and Miss Watson in both their personalities and language they use. Their main concern is to behave in the manner that is considered by the society to be ‘sivilised’. This gives the reader the impression that they are fake and not true to themselves but rather more worried about what others will think of them. From the beginning it is clear that Huck believes to be trapped by what he believes to be a confined society. When he is away from this Huck feels ‘free and satisfied’ but now that the widow and Miss Watson have taken to ‘Civilizing Huck’, his new clothes symbolise the way in which he is feeling on the inside. Huck feels ‘all cramped up’ and ‘tiresome and lonesome’. He feels so lonesome that he ‘wishes [he] was dead’. All Huck wants is ‘to go somewhere’ and he ‘warn’t particular’. He is so desperate to get away from the society that is constricting him that Huck wishes he was at the ‘bad place’. Twain perhaps uses Miss Watson’s criticism of Tom Sawyer going to the good place ‘not by a considerable light’ as a way to emphasize Huck’s fear of being lonely. Huck is very glad at this thought because he wants ‘Tom and [him] to be together’. Perhaps one of Twain’s greatest concerns about America’s society is its evident hypocrisy. This is greatly exemplified by the widow’s ban on smoking because it was a ‘mean practice and wasn’t clean’ while she herself ‘took snuff too’. As she has authority others are willing to ignore her faults and ‘of course that was all right, because she done it herself’, whereas Huck is compelled to follow the rules, only because he has not yet been ‘sivilised’. This passage also seems to explore the idea of criticizing others in order raise themselves. By condemning Huck for smoking, the widow is making herself feel better knowing that she has the authority and that it is all right for her to smoke. Twain uses the idea of Miss Watson using the spelling book perhaps to symbolise the way in which Huck sees this ‘sivilised’ society- ‘I couldn’t stood it much longer’. The society’s concern with being respectable is emphasised by the irony that Huck is only allowed to join Tom’s ‘band of robbers’ if he goes back to the widow and becomes ‘respectable’. A possible implication of this is that no one would suspect a ‘respectable’ person. The society would straight away try and accuse the ‘unsivilised’ rather then point the blame on someone of a ‘respectable’ status. Therefore, in order for Huck to join the ‘band of robbers’ he must establish himself as a ‘respectable’ member of the society so as the blame won’t be pointed at him. Throughout the chapter the tone changes but particularly towards the end there is a darkness which is mainly created by the use of sounds. ‘I heard an owl, away off, who-whooing about somebody that was dead, and a whippowill and a dog crying about somebody that was going to die’, all add to the lonely mood that Huck is feeling at the time and his wish that ‘[he] had some company’. Through Huck Twain is also able to express his views of racism in American society at the time. The use of the word ‘nigger’ shows the acceptance of the term. Huck’s observation that ‘things go better’ when ‘mixed up’ seems to refer to the racial segregation. Twain is perhaps portraying his view that society would be a better place if we all ‘mix up’ and ‘swap around’. As the society in which Huck is being bought up in slowly attempts to ‘sivilise’ him, Huck’s character and values seem to grow stronger. As he fights against the society that is attempting to take away his individualism, Huck is determined to stay true to himself and tell the truth, with as little ‘stretches’ as possible. How to cite Huckelberry Finn – Chapter 1 Commentary, Papers

Domestic Violence free essay sample

Domestic violence is defined as acts of physical and/or psychological violence committed by one partner or on to another. Though committed by both sexes, men commit the majority of domestic violence acts. While efforts have been made to prevent men from engaging in domestic violence, these efforts have yet to make a major effect on the rates of violence against women. This is because these efforts often involve reversing long-held cultural and societal beliefs. Given this situation, violence against women will likely continue despite best efforts to decrease women’s vulnerability to such acts unless male risk factors and protective factors are addressed. While general risk factors exist, such as age and familiarity with the person, the majority of perpetrators have adopted behaviors, either learned behaviors or societal beliefs that increase their likelihood of committing domestic violence. Previous acts of violence against women is often the biggest predictor of whether or not a man will commit an act of violence. A proud Fort Harian should have a strong understanding of the social issues around the world ,not only that directly affect him/her but which are affecting societies . In the movie the debaters understood the social issues which were designed to segregate communities. James Jr has seen the raving effects of racism all around him and longs to live in a future where no one must be in fear simply because of the color of their skin. A socially engaged scholar is another theme shown. The movie explores the social constructs in Texas during the Great Depression including not only the day to day insults and slights African Americans endured but also a lynching for the fact that the debaters were socially engaged in these societies have a clear understanding of what was really going on. 2. The concepts acts as a basic foundation for all students to follow a certain way of acting as an academic student but due to the act that most of my group members do not follow the guidelines of becoming proud Fort Harians, they are just students on fort hare but they are not part of it hence they do not actively participate in Fort Hare activities thus we conclude that we are not proud Fort Harians 3. James Jr Speech was a clear reflection of what he personally encountered through his journey with the debate team and Mr. Tolson. The Great Debaters doesn’t not shy away from showing the humiliation and persecution of blacks in the Jim Crow South. In Texas they lynch negroes after all he came across James Jr and his teammates were full of fear and shame . Tolson was an organizer at the same time a teacher thus his personal experiences directly affected James. When James Farmer Sir accompanied by is family including James Jr accidentally runs over a pig ,is humiliation at he hands of he owner directly affected James Jr. Tolson driving home from a debate with his students comes upon a lynching . His argument was that violence should not be used in order to resist but civil disobedience. 4. In the first umthamo an African scholar was required to think critically,to analyze the information not just to swallow it but in the second umthamo he African scholar is required to engage in social activities ,to actively participate for the betterment of societies, to learn more about the surroundings and to contribute to their communities and so being a proud Fort Harian. . Armah is trying to highlight the fact that if people are awakened they are brought to reality and making them observe their surroundings and that means moving external forces that numb the effects of the outside world . This however should be done in a slow and cautious manner as to remove all the side effects of the sedative, doing it otherwise will not ensure a full awakening process but may redirect them back to being ‘unawakened. 6 . African leader should have the knowledge and experience of the paths we all need to travel on thus these leaders are all the same because heir style of leadership tend to produce communities that entirely depends on them, the problem is that when they go the communities are left at stake ,therefore there is need to change peoples attitude so that they cannot wholly depend on leaders. Methods of sharing knowledge of goals and paths should be identified so as to meet the ever-changing societies rather than to depend on leaders, most of the African leaders have excessive powers and their knowledge is kept as secrets, because they saw knowledge as a source of power but it is only used for their own good instead for the betterment of societies hence the knowledge is not distributed so as to transform societies African leaders found that the powerless are their source of power so they is no need to empower them, they are afraid that if they empower the powerless they would be nobody beneath them bearing them up. People tend to believe in rainmakers so African leaders use their power and knowledge to exploit their ignorance for cheap popularity. 7. Life ,Knowledge and Action main goal is to restore the relationship between the way students think and the action they take with regard to the understanding of knowledge . The black nation tolerates living under the shadow of the leaders because we tolerate he unjust and people do not want o contribute for the betterment of societies The poem also took into account African scholars who took heir knowledge that they acquired from different sources and applied it to the betterment of the societies they were engaged in and people need to take a stand and bring change, black people needs to be one. . Awakening can be achieved by self determination, rebirth and reinstatement of the positive values, knowledge and beliefs of the societies. Values are of great importance and should not be taken for granted. 9. Life ,Knowledge and action facilitates the values of humanity, knowledge and understand of the real world and also to be able to be critical thinkers ,strong writers and to be socially engaged scholars. .

Mind mapping of a Job Interview Process an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Mind mapping of a Job Interview Process A job interview is an arduous and stressful process that many job applicants undergo. Usually people prepare for a job interview. Thus, mind mapping the process that a person will encounter during a job interview, which includes: how to prepare for an interview, how to dress for an interview, what to do the day of the interview, how to conduct oneself during the interview, topics that can be discussed during an interview, and what to do after an interview; allow a person to get a firm grasp of what needs to be done and said in order to hopefully land the desired job. Thus, a mind map will enable people to know the appropriate etiquette and mannerism that are expected during a job interview, which can help them stand out from the rest of the other job applicants vying for the same position. Need essay sample on "Mind mapping of a Job Interview Process" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals: Idon't want to write my paper. Because I don't have the time Essay writer professionals suggest: Winning Academic Essay Writing Delivered On Time Custom Writing Reviews Online Paper Writing Service Custom Writing Service Write My Paper For Cheap Therefore, in this instance, it is applicable for a mind map to be used as a visual aid or representation that breaks down the job interview process and makes it simple for an individual to understand all the necessary components that makes a job interview successful. Also, a mind map lets a person "quickly identify and understand [a certain topic] and the way pieces of information fit" (Mindtools, 2008). As a result, information that a person has written down and carefully organized can be evaluated for its importance and be placed into perspective. Another purpose of a mind map is to "summariz[e]and clarif[y] [ones] thoughts" (Mind map, 2008). In addition, a mind map can be seen as a sort of to-do-list and check-list to determine if a person has overlooked any necessary details that he or she should address or attend to before the job interview. Thus, it shows information in a way that is "easy to remember and quick to review" (Mindtools, 2008). Hence, for a person on the go, mind maps enable them to re-hash information quickly. Therefore, a person can take a "glance, jumping right to the part [he or she] needs" to find out or know (Codswallop, n.d). Finally, by putting the job interview process down, steps that need to be taken becomes definite and concrete. It is also very significant to know that language, which is essentially communicated by speaking, plays a huge part in the job interview process. The reason is language represents purpose and conveys intention (Sign, 2008). And the job interview process clearly symbolizes this. This is because when a person is being interviewed, anything that the applicant utters simply shows his or her desire to get the job. Thus, even the preparation and outfit that is chosen to be worn during the interview signifies an intended purpose, which in this case is to ultimately land the job. While the interviewers intention is to find out if the applicant is the most qualified person for the position. Also, gestures and acts-which partly constitute semiotics- being made during a job interview process indicates the performance of a ritual. From the moment the applicant walks in the job interview, to the firm handshake being extended to the interviewer, to the eye contact that is constantly being made and the straight posture as well as confident exterior being exhibited represents a ritual that people perform on a daily basis. All of these acts will be interpreted accordingly by the interviewer to gauge a persons qualification. Therefore, each act being made in a job application process serves to convey a specific, positive meaning. And the meaning behind language and gestures is what Saussure focuses in his study of semiology (Making sense of media, 2004). It is apparent that job applicants want to put their best foot forward. Therefore, by preparing for the job interview, dressing the part, and conducting oneself appropriately during and after the interview shows that they want to be absolutely sure that they are doing what they are supposed to in order to be chosen amongst other applicants. Nonetheless, there are different kinds of mind maps available. For me, the structure of my mind map is based upon the fact that I want information to be organized in a clear-cut way that is easy to understand. Therefore, I refrained from using unusual images and symbols. Thus, I chose a straight line that goes in one direction either sideways, upwards or downwards. This is because if I use squiggly or curvy lines, the relationship between each ideas and subheadings may not be clearly recognizable. Furthermore, I chose a box to enclose the main ideas because it makes it easier to focus on them. This is because the words are contained instead of scattered, which will be the case if I would have used a different form of representation. I also numbered the main ideas to show that there are certain steps to the job interview process. Hence, one goes after the other. Also, I made sure that the space between the main ideas and sub-headings are far apart from each other so that I will not have them mixed up. The same goes for the subheadings themselves, which have large spaces between them. Finally, the specific colors attributed to each main idea and sub-heading further illustrate their distinctness. Bibliography Codswallop. Using Mind Maps for Creativity, Note-Taking and Productivity, 2008, retrieved 8 March 2008, http://www.cogniview.com/convert-pdf-to-excel/post/using-mind-maps-for-creativity-note-taking-and-productivity/> Elements of Semiology, n.d., retrieved 9 March 2008, http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/barthes.htm> Making sense of media, 2004, retrieved 9 March 2008 http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/9781405120166/Berger_sample%20chapter_Making%20sense%20of%20media.pdf> Mind Map, 2008, retrieved 8 March 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map> Mindtools. Mind Map, 2008, retrieved 8 March 2008, \ Sign (semiotics), 2008, retrieved 9 March 2008.

Task Centred Approach And The Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Essays

Task Centred Approach And The Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Essays Task Centred Approach And The Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Paper Task Centred Approach And The Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Paper This short survey takes up the rating and appraisal of two societal work intercession theories, viz. the Undertaking Centred Approach and the Crisis Intervention Method, with particular respect to their deductions and applications for societal work pattern. Social workers, in the class of their pattern, are frequently called upon to assist people in get bying and covering with different types of troubles in their lives. Human beings face state of affairss of crisis at one clip or the other during their lives ( Roberts, 2000, p 11 ) . The crisis theory postulates that the happening of crises is normal to life. Such crisis state of affairss can happen all of a sudden, like household unwellnesss or a loss of occupations, or be unpredictable, like come ining school or turning older ( Roberts, 2000, p 11 ) . Persons attempt to get by with crises with their available mechanisms, but face jobs when such mechanisms do non work or when earlier unsolved crises get reactivated. Social workers are frequently called upon to step in with persons and assist them in get bying with their crises ( Roberts, 2000, p 11 ) . The task-centred attack is a progressive and goal-orientated method for societal work pattern. It constitutes a practice-based attack that is built on research and is being used in a diverse scenes and fortunes ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 33 ) .A It represents a societal work method wherein clients are assisted in transporting out job cut downing undertakings within specific clip periods. It is structured, job focused and time-restricted and is being progressively used in modern-day societal service intercessions ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 33 ) . Crisis intercession is frequently grouped together with the undertaking centred attack. Malcolm Payne ( 1991, p 4 ) sees important common land between crises intercession and undertaking centred attacks to societal work pattern. Both methods focus on job resolution, trade with brief intercessions and are related to larning theory. This essay takes up the scrutiny and appraisal of these two theories, with exceptional respect to their communalities, their differences and their relevancy for societal work pattern. Due respect is given to the deductions of anti-oppressive pattern. 2. Crisis Intervention Theory The crisis theory states that it is of import for people to decide their crises state of affairss and experiences in order to get by with new developments and crises ( Aguilera, 1998, p 47 ) . If persons are unable to decide their earlier crises, they become more vulnerable to inability to decide new crises. Persons who learn new accomplishments to decide their crises are on the other manus strengthened in get bying with future crisis state of affairss ( Aguilera, 1998, p 47 ) . Human existences have considerable capacities for managing or covering with hard state of affairss. It is merely when such troubles assume important proportions and people do non hold appropriate resources, personal, emotional, societal, religious or physical, to cover suitably with nerve-racking fortunes or events that they become involved in crises. Difficult or nerve-racking events do non by themselves result in crisis state of affairss ( Aguilera, 1998, p 47 ) . Crisiss are really determined by the respon ses of persons to specific nerve-racking fortunes or events and their responses to them. Crisiss develop merely when persons perceive specific events to be important and threatening, seek to manage such events with their usual header schemes without success, and are non able to utilize other options ( Aguilera, 1998, p 47 ) . Behavioural and psychological experts perceive crises to be kindred to provinces of psychological disequilibrium. Persons sing crises are likely to see a scope of emotions like feelings of apprehensiveness, anxiousness, fright, guilt and weakness ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 37 ) . Other indexs include changes in feeding and sleeping forms, activity and energy degrees and ability to concentrate. Peoples in crises are besides normally known to endure from depression and withdraw from societal intercession ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 37 ) . Social work experts argue that whilst the bulk of crises run their class or make some gloss of stableness within one or two months, it is necessary for skilled intercession to take topographic point to beef up the get bying mechanisms of persons. The failure to make so will ensue in the being and continuation of crisis associated behaviors, even as the chance for alteration will be forgone ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 37 ) . Peoples in crisis frequently have little by manner of solutions and are receptive to external aid and aid ( Roberts, 2000, p 19 ) . The provisioning of skilled intercession by societal work practicians during the happening of the crises can ensue in chances for persons sing crisis to larn new accomplishments, achieve good behavioral alteration, and regain stableness. Persons who have been able to successfully get by with crises are strengthened by such experiences and can utilize their accomplishments in future times of trouble ( Roberts, 2000, p 19 ) . Crisis intercession is basically a professional response that is limited in footings of clip and is used to help persons, households, and groups ( Hepworth, et Al, 2002, p 83 ) . Social workers aim to measure the openness of persons sing crises to larning of new accomplishments and mechanisms for get bying. They besides help persons in cut downing their feelings of weakness, isolation, and hurt and utilize societal resources to assist in reconstructing persons to their anterior functional degrees, every bit shortly as practically possible ( Hepworth, et Al, 2002, p 83 ) . Such societal work intercession is done through hearing, proof, credence, standardization, reassurance, instruction, protagonism and brokering resources ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 38 ) . Crisis intercession can be specifically segregated into 7 phases, viz. ( a ) constitution of communicating and development of feelings with persons that fortunes can go better, ( B ) appraisal of state of affairs, ( degree Celsius ) g eographic expedition of available strengths and resources, ( vitamin D ) end puting with the usage of such strengths and resources, ( vitamin E ) execution of program, learning of new accomplishments and mobilization of other support if required, ( degree Fahrenheit ) rating and accommodation of the program and ( g ) follow up and expiration of relationship ( Hepworth, et Al, 2002, p 83 ) . It is of import for societal workers to be skilled in crisis intercession because of the changeless demand upon them for assisting people in crisis state of affairss ( Roberts, 2000, p 19 ) . Social workers are apt to meet clients with diverse demands, which may in bend require research, strategic planning and the providing of individualized individual centred support ( Roberts, 2000, p 19 ) . The nature of crisis intercession work besides calls for confidentiality and emotional separation in order to present services in a professional mode ( Roberts, 2000, p 19 ) . 3. Undertaking Centred Approach The undertaking centred attack emerged in response to the slow and unequal consequences that were being achieved through traditional casework methods ( Reid, 1997, p 134 ) . Traditional casework methods in societal work were felt to be of limited usage because of their resource intensive nature, their deficiency of focal point, and their equivocal results, which were hard to measure and quantify ( Reid, 1997, p 134 ) . Reid and Shyne engaged in extended survey in the late sixtiess to research alternate attacks to casework and developed the undertaking centred attack for societal work pattern, which called for limited but intensely focussed intercession periods. The attack was basically client oriented and required the societal worker to move as a facilitator ( Reid, 1997, p 134 ) . With the undertaking centred attack assisting clients to better their troubles rapidly, the procedure was shortly adopted for reproduction and development in the United Kingdom ( Reid, 1997, p 134 ) . Surveies on the undertaking centred attack revealed that unfocussed aid, as was provided by the psycho-social attack and the instance survey method, over long periods, resulted in decrease of hope and self assurance on the portion of the client ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 42 ) . It besides resulted in negative dependence and unneeded fond regards to specific administrations or peculiar societal workers ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 42 ) . It was besides seen that the scene of clip bounds for accomplishment of specific results helped in constructing outlooks of the possibility of rapid alteration and enhanced participant energy and motive ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 42 ) . Whilst the undertaking centred attack proved to be practically good for clients and besides served, cut down and optimize use of limited societal work resources, it besides facilitated a displacement towards the individual centred attack, the negation of the premise of the professional being the lone beginning of expertness, and helped in accomplishment of greater authorization and decrease of subjugation ( Naleppa A ; Reid, 1998, p 63 ) . The undertaking centred attack calls for attending to be paid to societal and external issues that affect persons instead than on comprehending persons and their psychological histories to be the chief cause of their troubles ( Naleppa A ; Reid, 1998, p 63 ) . The undertaking centred attack involves a structured method wherein the societal worker foremost assists the service user in jointing the jobs in the ways perceived by service users ( Hepworth, et Al, 2002, p 87 ) . The societal workers later helps the service user to detail and breakdown the jobs, taking attention to redefine them wherever necessary and assisting the service user to turn up of import countries for action ( Hepworth, et Al, 2002, p 87 ) . The societal worker eventually motivates the service user to categorize and prioritize his or her single job in line with his or her perceptual experiences ( Naleppa A ; Reid, 1998, p 63 ) . The societal worker and service user thenceforth work in partnership to ( a ) specify and place results, ( B ) agree to contracts and ( degree Celsius ) reappraisal and assess advancement. Social workers who use the undertaking centred attack should be able to positively prosecute service users and instil trust and assurance ( Hepworth, et Al, 2002, p 87 ) . Commonalties in Task Centred and Crisis Intervention Approaches Undertaking centred attacks and crisis intercession methods appear to unify good in both theory and pattern ( Watson, et Al, 2002, p 96 ) . Social work research indicates that the usage of these methods have proved to be effectual with a broad scope of clients. Both theories emerged in response to the seemingly uneffective results of instance work attacks that were grounded in psychodynamic theory ( Watson, et Al, 2002, p 96 ) . Both methods to boot focus on brief and short term intercessions. They are connected to larning theory and based upon job work outing thoughts ( Watson, et Al, 2002, p 96 ) . Both these attacks call upon societal workers to prosecute in participative and joint activity with service users, foremost to measure and analyze jobs and their causes and so take action to cover with such jobs ( Sandoval, 2002, p 63 ) . The application of these methods therefore calls for the usage of the individual centred theory, the demand to put the service user at the Centre of the issue and the urgency of sing the issue from his or her position ( Sandoval, 2002, p 63 ) . Social workers need to be really good hearers in order to be able to turn up the existent issues that are disturbing service users and thenceforth be able to assist them with steps to undertake their troubles ( Sandoval, 2002, p 63 ) . Like other societal work methods, the undertaking centred attack does hold its restrictions. It is in the first case predicated upon the reason of service users and their willingness to work with societal workers ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 53 ) . It is besides hard to use it without appropriate bureau support. Despite such restrictions the two attacks continue to be really utile, particularly because of their instrumentality in increasing authorization and their built-in anti-oppressive attack ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 53 ) . The methods increase the abilities of service users through the ingraining of new accomplishments and let them to cover, non merely with their current state of affairss but with future fortunes of trouble and subjugation ( Nash, et Al, 2005, p 53 ) . Decisions Social work pattern is influenced by many factors that require the taking history of the positions of service users, societal workers, bureaus and society. The attack of single workers is bound to be influenced by legion factors that can go forth them confused and looking for counsel in their undertaking of helping service users in troubles. The undertaking centred attack and the crisis intercession theory provide utile tools to service users to measure the true conditions of service users, take part with them in structured, clip edge and joint declaration of jobs and authorise them to confront and get the better of subjugation. Social workers do nevertheless necessitate to understand the deductions of these theories and chorus from labeling their actions in all hard state of affairss to be task centred or critical intercession in nature. The true apprehension of the potency and usage of these theories will assist them significantly in their pattern scenarios.

Leadership------read the requirement i send you carefully Essay - 1

Leadership------read the requirement i send you carefully - Essay Example Japan, China and USA. Finally the study will be concluding with an insight the recommendations to the managers of the organizations to enhance the domestic as well as international leadership. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Definition 4 Differences between domestic and international leaders competencies 5 Domestic Leadership Competencies 5 International Leadership Competencies 6 Leadership in domestic and international business 6 Discussion 7 Leadership styles & culture studies 7 Cross Cultural Leadership Model 9 Comparison of Domestic and International Leadership 10 Japan 10 China 11 USA 12 Conclusion 13 Japan 13 China 14 USA 15 Reference list 16 Introduction Definition Leadership can be described as a procedure to have supremacy on the group performance in order to reach to the business objectives. It plays an important role within the functioning of an organization. The incorporation of leadership theories or models helps in reducing various organi zational issues (Howell and Costley, 2001; Johnson, 2000). In this twentieth century, it has been evident that leadership characteristics have high importance in the efficient functioning in an organization (Song, Wang, and Wei, 2007). For eliminating the organizational issues and bringing a change within the organization, it is essential that the managers incorporate various leadership characteristics in their functioning (Yukl, 2009; Rees and French, 2010). There are mainly two types of leadership adapted by the leaders within the organizations. One is transactional leadership and the other is the transformational leadership. In transactional leadership, the leaders first set the objectives and goals for all the subordinates and then plans for implementation of different rewarding and punishment techniques in order to encourage them in conducting their operational activities according to the organizational objectives and goals. In transformational leadership, the transformational leaders first identify the required change and then set one vision thereby bringing the change process Transformational Leadership and Domestic Leadership- The transformational leaders believe in imaginative leadership for influencing the subordinates. They believe in strengthening the bonding with the followers and thereby building compassionate relationship with them. The domestic leaders follow transformational leadership for motivating the followers and encouraging them in making better performance. It becomes easy for the domestic leaders to develop compassionate relationship with the subordinates as there is no existence of cultural diversification. Thus form of leadership does not rely on the monetary rewarding techniques such as incentives, bonuses etc. Transactional leadership and International Leadership - The transactional leaders make detailed planning of whatever us going to be executed. These leaders prefer efficient organizations with high quality employees. These lea ders motivate their employees by means of practical methods rather than inspiration. It is so because only inspiration does not work out to be effective for the employees at certain point of time. In such a situation, it is essential to satisfy them by means of monetary rewards such as incentives or bonuses. The international leaders follow this form of leadership as it becomes easy for them to influence the subordinates by providing monetary rewards. Satisfying their demands would